[ARVD-FORUM] Response to Dr. Hamilton, Evaluating/Diagnosing Children. (Tink) Long

ARVD Symposium info at arvd-symposium.org
Tue Apr 12 19:58:37 ART 2005


English - Spanish


First, a sincere "thank-you" to all of those providing this Symposium,
as well as to all participating.

The following is in support of the sentiments of Dr. Robert Hamilton,
and from another standpoint.   Additionally, it presents a case for the
argument that beginning at adolescence to "closely watch" and/or
"evaluate children" for ARVD is beginning too late.

Dr. Hamilton wrote:
>>This is indeed the crux of the problem for me: the diagnosis of ARVD
in children. In our relatively large series of patients with clinically
convincing ARVD in children (often on the basis of flagrantly abnormal
MRI and/or biopsy), adult criteria for ARVD are fulfilled in only ~50%
of patients. Fortunately, the mortality in this age group is low (but
not zero). I would encourage the involvement of pediatric cardiac
electrophysiologists in these dialogs and conferences.
<<

Dr. Hamilton has confirmed that Sudden Death from ARVD, and ARVD in
young children is not at all "nonexistent."  ARVD has been found in
very young children from the embryological stage onward,** upon autopsy
and in the clinic.

** ["Is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy a paediatric
problem too? Images Turrini P, Basso C, Daliento L, Nava A, Thiene G;
Paediatr Cardiol 2000;6:18-37]

Defining the pediatric age as ranging from birth to 18 years old, the
above document mentions, "During this span of life, ARVC is not so rare
as previously supposed and can be identified by applying the same
diagnostic criteria proposed for the adult."  Dr. Hamilton's probably
"not so unique" experience seems to defy the latter per the "diagnostic
criteria."  So, are very young children who are unable to fulfill the
diagnostic criteria at risk of Sudden Death?

Dr. Hamilton noted blatant clinical signs of ARVD in his young
patients, yet 50% do or did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria.  These
children probably arrived to Dr. Hamilton due to symptoms OR family
screening for ARVD (perhaps no prior "noticeable" or "recognized"
symptoms.)

The concealed phase of ARVD can produce SD.  The following is taken
from "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis,
prognosis, and treatment"  Domenico Corrado, Cristina Basso, Gaetano
Thiene Departments of Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padova,
Italy; Heart 2000;83:588-595

"The following clinicopathologic phases can be considered:
 -- 'Concealed' phase characterised by subtle right ventricular
structural changes, with or without minor ventricular arrhythmias,
during which sudden death may occasionally be the first manifestation
of the disease, mostly in young people during competitive sports or
intense physical exercise."

Would a concealed phase, as mentioned above, have yielded a "by the
book" diagnosis prior to SD?  Treatment for/protection from SD?

Children in my study group have been diagnosed at ages 2, 8, 9, 12, 13,
14 on up.  Many of these had symptoms that "drove" their parents to the
doctor with them.  The 8 year old has a 5 year old sister who is now
throwing 1000's of PVCs daily.  The 9 year old has an RN mother
(w/ARVD), otherwise she might have ignored her child's complaint of
heart pain and a fast heart beat (but it was also the look in the
child's eyes.)  Afterall, the child was doing homework at the time.
Later she was merely pushing another child in a wagon when she had
similar symptoms, including an irregular heart beat.  One of our 16
year olds might have been missed for diagnosis and treatment had his
mother not JUST heard of the ARVD SD of her 13 year old first cousin
once removed (the child's mother died suddenly from ARVD the previous
year.)  The boy complained of chest pain while playing basketball.  The
boy's "undiagnosed" sister has been watched since she was not quite 2
and found with a racing heart.  She was lying down watching TV when the
mother saw the child's heart beating rapidly through her shirt.  This
small child was found with RBBB and an enlarged RV.  Now at age 7, she
has chest pain, recently instigated when a gym teacher insisted the
child continue to run, despite her asking for a rest.  The child's
chest pain has continued for 3 weeks, sometimes waking her in the
night.  The mother of the last two children has ARVD and chest pain.
Another "undiagnosed" 9 year old in the group complained of sharp chest
pain.  Not long after, testing revealed abnormal heart movement (the
child was also found with her mother's gene mutation, the mother
had/has chest pain pre/post diagnosis.)  After exercising, another
"undiagnosed" 7 year old recently complained of chest pain and a
sensation that "his heart was in his throat" (typical of what some
adults describe when in VT.)  This child's grandfather and two aunts
were found with ARVD in the last year or two, and only after the
child's great aunt died suddenly of ARVD.  The child had a subsequent
EKG and Echo, his Ped Card noted that he has a "perfect" heart. (note
the chest and heart pain in those with ARVD.)  Two 16 year olds, ARVD
on autopsy (one showed symptoms at 12, misdiagnosed as asthma, commonly
heard.)  Two men in my study group will convince you that they know
they had VT and a resulting huge panic, as well as shortness of breath,
when they were only 9 and 10 years old (both diagnosed decades later,
both sedentary at the time of the childhood VT.)  Neither of these two
men experience chest/heart pain (a notable percentage of those w/ARVD
do not.)  This is the tip of the iceberg.

Each of the above diagnosed/treated children had concealed ARVD for how
long before it was diagnosed? 3 or 4 years?  Which of the above
symptomatic, undiagnosed, young children will later be diagnosed?
Their parents hope they will never be, but this surely won't occur at
the earliest moment, nor will they be treated/protected then, UNLESS
they are APPROPRIATELY evaluated for ARVD from here on out.

During exercise, rest or sleep, concealed RVD poses the risk of SD.
Countless adult patients are awakened by VT in the night.  The 19 year
old in Dr. Marcus' LPM discussion, "Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
of ARVD," was not awakened by VT and never awakened again.  Which poses
the question, "Should children with questionable symptoms and a family
history of ARVD where an alarm heart monitor at night?" I digress...

Dr. Fountain often quotes:  "We see only what we look for.  We look for
only what we know."  (Merril Sosman, MD circa 1955)  ...  With due
respect, Sosman stopped short.  We can only find that which we are
looking for as early as we begin to look for it.

Concealed ARVD is potentially lethal.  Children often do not know that
they are having dangerous symptoms and thus cannot or may not verbalize
them or even outwardly show them.  If the purpose of looking/evaluating
for ARVD is to prevent SD before it can occur, then doesn't "fact" urge
the abolition of the notion that adolescence is the time to begin
looking for ARVD in children?  IF the purpose of the effort is to save
lives, then birth, or perhaps there is a case for the prenatal stage
(ref 6 mo. fetus with ARVD in the Pediatric document), is the ONLY
logical and rational beginning point for professionals and parents to
watch for/test for ARVD in children.

Respectfully,

--------------------

En primer lugar, mi agradecimiento sincero a todos los que nos ofrecen este
Simposio, asi como a todos los que participan.

Lo siguiente respalda los sentimientos del Dr. Robert Hamilton, pero desde
otro punto de vista. Ademas, presenta un caso para discutir sobre el
comienzo en la adolescencia de una "vigilancia estrecha" y/o la "evaluacion
de los ninios" para buscar DAVD comienza demasiado tarde.

El Dr. Hamilton escribio:
"Este es en efecto, el quid de la cuestion para mi: el diagnostico de DAVD
en ninios. En nuestra relativamente extensa serie de pacientes con DAVD
clinicamente convincente en ninios (con frecuencia sobre la base de IRM y/o
biopsia evidentemente anormal), los criterios adultos para la DAVD se
cumplen en solo ~50% de los pacientes. Afortunadamente, la mortalidad en
este grupo etario es baja (pero no cero). Yo alentaria a los
electrofisiologos cardiacos pediatricos a que se involucren en estos
dialogos y eventos."

El Dr. Hamilton ha confirmado que la muerte subita por DAVD y la DAVD en
ninios pequenios efectivamente existe. La DAVD se ha encontrado en ninios
muy pequenios, desde el estado embriologico en adelante, ** en la autopsia y
en la clinica.

** ["Is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy a paediatric
problem too? Images Turrini P, Basso C, Daliento L, Nava A, Thiene G;
Paediatr Cardiol 2000;6:18-37]

Al definir la edad pediatrica desde el nacimiento hasta los 18 anios, el
documento anterior menciona: "Durante este periodo de la vida, la M/DAVD no
es tan rara como se suponia previamente y puede identificarse al aplicar los
mismos criterios diagnosticos propuestos para el adulto." La experiencia "no
tan unica" del Dr. Hamilton parece desafiar esto ultimo por los "criterios
diagnosticos". Asi que, los ninios muy pequenios que no pueden cumplir los
criterios diagnosticos estan en riesgo de tener Muerte Subita?

El Dr. Hamilton noto signos clinicos evidentes de DAVD en sus pacientes
jovenes, aunque el 50% no satisfacia o satisface los criterios diagnosticos.
Estos ninios probablemente llegaron al consultorio del Dr. Hamilton debido a
sintomas O al "screening" familiar en busca de DAVD (quizas no hubo sintomas
"destacados" o "reconocidos").

La fase oculta de DAVD puede producir MS. Lo siguiente esta tomado de
"Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment"  Domenico Corrado, Cristina Basso, Gaetano Thiene Departments of
Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padova, Italy; Heart 2000;83:588-595

"Se pueden considerar las siguientes fases clinicopatologicas: -- Fase
'oculta' caracterizada por cambios estructurales sutiles en el ventriculo
derecho, con o sin arritmias ventriculares menores, durante la cual la
muerte subita puede ser la primera manifestacion de la enfermedad,
principalmente en gente joven durante deportes competitivos o ejercicio
fisico intenso."
Una fase oculta hubiera producido, como se menciona arriba, un diagnostico
"segun las reglas" previo a la MS? Tratamiento para / proteccion contra la
MS?

Los ninios de mi grupo de estudio han sido diagnosticados a las edades de 2,
8, 9, 12, 13, 14 en adelante. Muchos de ellos tuvieron sintomas que
"llevaron" a sus padres al medico con ellos. El de 8 anios tiene una hermana
de 5 anios que ahora esta mostrando 1000's CVP diarias. La ninia de 9 anios
tiene una madre enfermera (con DAVD), de otro modo hubiera ignorado las
quejas de su hija que tenia dolor en el corazon y latidos cardiacos rapidos
(pero tambien habia algo en la mirada de la ninia). Despues de todo, la
ninia estaba haciendo la tarea en ese momento. Mas tarde, estaba simplemente
empujando a otro ninio en un carrito cuando presento sintomas similares,
incluyendo latidos cardiacos irregulares. Pudimos no haber hecho el
diagnostico y el tratamiento de uno de nuestros pacientes de 16 anios, si no
fuera por que su madre ACABABA de enterarse de la MS por DAVD de su prima en
primer grado de 13 anios (la madre de la ninia habia muerto subitamente por
DAVD el anio anterior). El muchacho se quejaba de dolor en el pecho mientras
jugaba al basquet. Se ha realizado un seguimiento de la hermana "no
diagnosticada" del joven desde antes que cumpliera los 2 anios y se
descubrio que su corazon latia muy rapido. Estaba recostada mirando
television cuando la madre vio a traves de su blusa, que el corazon de la
ninia latia rapidamente. Se descubrio que esta pequenia tiene BRD y VD
dilatado. Ahora, a la edad de 7 anios, tiene dolor toracico, recientemente
desencadenado cuando una profesora de gimnasia insistio en que la ninia
siguiera corriendo, a pesar de que esta le pedia descansar. El dolor
toracico de la ninia continuo por 3 semanas, a veces despertandola en la
noche. La madre de los ultimos 2 ninios tiene DAVD y dolor de pecho. Otra
ninia de 9 anios "no diagnosticada" en el grupo se quejaba de dolor agudo en
el pecho. No mucho tiempo despues, las pruebas revelaron un movimiento
anormal del corazon (a la ninia tambien se le descubrio la misma mutacion
genetica de la madre, la madre tenia/ tiene dolor toracico pre/post
diagnostico). Despues del ejercicio, otro ninio de 7 anios "no
diagnosticado" se quejo recientemente de dolor en el pecho y una sensacion
de "tener el corazon en la garganta" (tipico de lo que algunos adultos
describen cuando tienen TV). Se habia descubierto uno o dos anios antes que
el abuelo y dos tias de este ninio tenian DAVD, y solo despues de que la
abuela del ninio hubiera muerto subitamente de DAVD. Al ninio le hicieron un
ECG y una Eco a continuacion, y su cardiologo pediatra noto que tenia un
corazon "perfecto". (Notese el dolor toracico y de corazon en aquellos que
padecen DAVD). Dos pacientes de 16 anios, con DAVD descubierta en autopsia
(uno manifesto sintomas a los 12, los que fueron mal diagnosticados como
asma, un error comun). Dos hombres en mi grupo de estudio los convenceran de
que saben que tenian TV y como resultado se sintieron aterrorizados, y
tambien les faltaba el aliento cuando solo tenian 9 y 10 anios (ambos
diagnosticados decadas mas tarde, ambos sedentarios al momento de la TV en
la niniez). Ninguno de estos dos hombres experimento dolor toracico/corazon
(un porcentaje notable de aquellos con DAVD no los experimento). Esta es la
punta del iceberg.

Cada uno de los ninios diagnosticados /tratados mencionados antes, tenian
DAVD oculta, por cuanto tiempo antes de ser diagnosticada? 3 o 4 anios? Cual
de estos ninios sintomaticos, no diagnosticados seran diagnosticados mas
tarde? Sus padres esperan que nunca, pero esto no sucedera seguramente por
ahora, ni van a ser tratados/ diagnosticados entonces, A MENOS QUE sean
ADECUADAMENTE estudiados en busca de DAVD de ahora en adelante.

Durante el ejercicio, el reposo o el suenio, la DVD oculta plantea el riesgo
de MS.
Numerosos pacientes adultos se despiertan por la noche por la TV. El
paciente de 19 anios en la discusion en la radio LPM del Dr. Marcus,
"Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of ARVD" no se despertaba por las
noches por la TV y nunca mas se desperto. Lo que plantea la cuestion, "Los
ninios con sintomas cuestionables y una historia familiar de DAVD deberian
tener un monitor cardiaco de alarma por la noche?" Estoy divagando...

El Dr. Fontaine a menudo cita: "Solo vemos lo que estamos buscando. Buscamos
solo lo que conocemos"(Merril Sosman, MD circa 1955) ... Con el debido
respeto, Sosman se quedo corto. Solo podemos encontrar aquello que estamos
buscando tan pronto como empecemos a buscarlo.

La DAVD oculta es potencialmente letal. Los ninios a menudo ignoran que
estan teniendo sintomas peligrosos y por lo tanto no pueden o no saben
expresarlos o incluso manifestarlos. Si el proposito de buscar/evaluar la
DAVD es prevenir la MS antes de que ocurra, entonces este "hecho" no nos
insta a abolir la nocion de que la adolescencia es la epoca para empezar a
buscar DAVD en los ninios? SI el proposito del esfuerzo es salvar vidas,
despues el nacimiento, o quizas haya algun caso para la etapa prenatal (ref:
feto de 6 meses con DAVD en el documento pediatrico), es el UNICO punto de
inicio racional y logico para que profesionales y padres cuiden/estudien a
los ninios buscando DAVD.

Con todo respeto,

Micheline (Tink) Long, Independent Researcher



-- 
Dr. Sergio Dubner
Director

Dr. Edgardo Schapachnik
Director



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